Human midbrain organoids: a powerful tool for advanced Parkinson’s disease modeling and therapy exploration

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite progress, the pathogenesis remains unclear. Human midbrain organoids (hMLOs) have emerged as a promising model for studying PD, drug screening, and potential treatments. This review discusses the development of hMLOs, their application in PD research, and current challenges in organoid construction, highlighting possible optimization strategies.