Smart city's trends, architectures, components, and challenges: A systematic review and building an initial model for Indonesia

Smart cities are faced with the challenges of systematically initiating the strategies needed to implement predetermined goals according to their plan. Therefore, this study aims to identify smart cities components and build an initial model that can be used for smart cities initiatives in Indonesia. The systematic review methods were used to overview research trends, architecture, components, and challenges to build an initial model for Indonesia. The systematic review results show popular topics, such as the standardization of a smart city and the strategies used to determine relevant models in each city's uniqueness and context. The results also identified thirteen smart city components and their challenges. Furthermore, this study's novelty is proposed the smart city's initial models with the smart government as a key component and to be a centre of other smart city components. The triangulation method determined the research validation using systematic review finding, expert judgment, and a questionnaire for collecting random data from 66 respondents from various cities in Indonesia. The collected survey data and initial models were validated by expert judgment, which showed that the proposed smart city's initial model component's agreement is 90%. In future, these results may be used to develop an assessment in smart cities implementation.