PF4 inhibits ferroptosis-mediated intracerebral hemorrhage through modulating the CXCR3/AKT1/SLC7A11 signaling pathway

Ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the secondary pathophysiological damage to brain tissue surrounding hematomas after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). While platelet factor 4 (PF4) is known to promote regeneration following peripheral nerve injury, its role in brain tissue repair after cerebral hemorrhage remains unclear. In this study, Hemin-induced PC12 cells were treated with various inhibitors and assessed for viability, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis using a combination of assays, including CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8), EdU (5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine), flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. ICH cells were also treated with recombinant PF4 (Rm-PF4) and a CXCR3 antagonist (AMG487) to investigate the mechanism by which Rm-PF4 influences Hemin-induced PC12 cell injury and inflammation. Subsequently, ICH mouse models were established via collagenase injection. Neurological function in these mice was evaluated using the Cylinder and Corner tests. Histopathological damage to brain tissue was analyzed through HE, TUNEL, and Nissl staining, as well as immunohistochemistry, to further explore the role of Rm-PF4 in controlling neuroinflammation in vivo. Results showed that Rm-PF4 inhibited Hemin-mediated ferroptosis-induced PC12 cell damage and inflammation by activating the CXCR3/AKT1/SLC7A11 signaling pathway. Blocking the CXCR3/AKT1/SLC7A11 pathway partially reversed PF4's protective effects on Hemin-induced PC12 cells.In ICH mice, pro-inflammatory marker CD16 (3rd day) and anti-inflammatory marker Arg1 (7th day) were significantly decreased and increased, respectively (p