Plant-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles for photocatalytic, anticancer, and antioxidant applications

The current study is the first to disclose a quick, cost-effective, and environmentally safe phytofabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that remained stable for three months utilizing the aqueous extract of T. capensis leaves to uphold the principles of green chemistry such as less hazardous chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, design for energy efficiency, and use of renewable feedstocks. Several approaches were used to describe T. capensis-AuNPs, with the findings revealing the successful phytoformation of crystalline AuNPs with a dark brown color, spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 10–35 nm, a surface plasmon peak at 515 nm, and a surface charge of − 24.5 mV. T. capensis-AuNPs showed 72% photodegradation efficacy against malachite green. The MTT experiment revealed that T. capensis-AuNPs and T. capensis extract had excellent potency in preventing the development and proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7 cell line), with IC50 values of 9.6 g/mL and 23.3 g/mL, respectively. Both T. capensis-AuNPs and T. capensis extract had significant antioxidant efficacies, with DPPH scavenging percentages of 70.73% for T. capensis-AuNPs and 85.62% for T. capensis extract. Consequently, these findings suggest a new and sustainable route for the green synthesis of AuNPs using the aqueous extract of T. capensis.