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Upgrading of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil by Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation, a Review Focused on Catalysts, Model Molecules, Deactivation, and Reaction Routes
- Source :
- Molecules, Vol 29, Iss 18, p 4325 (2024)
- Publication Year :
- 2024
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2024.
-
Abstract
- Biomass can be converted into energy/fuel by different techniques, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and others. In the case of pyrolysis, biomass can be converted into a crude bio-oil around 50–75% yield. However, the direct use of this crude bio-oil is impractical due to its high content of oxygenated compounds, which provide inferior properties compared to those of fossil-derived bio-oil, such as petroleum. Consequently, bio-oil needs to be upgraded by physical processes (filtration, emulsification, among others) and/or chemical processes (esterification, cracking, hydrodeoxygenation, among others). In contrast, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) can effectively increase the calorific value and improve the acidity and viscosity of bio-oils through reaction pathways such as cracking, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenation, where catalysts play a crucial role. This article first focuses on the general aspects of biomass, subsequent bio-oil production, its properties, and the various methods of upgrading pyrolytic bio-oil to improve its calorific value, pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation (DOD), and other attributes. Secondly, particular emphasis is placed on the process of converting model molecules and bio-oil via HDO using catalysts based on nickel and nickel combined with other active elements. Through these phases, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the HDO process and the reaction mechanisms involved. Finally, the different equipment used to obtain an improved HDO product from bio-oil is discussed, providing valuable insights for the practical application of this reaction in pyrolysis bio-oil production.
- Subjects :
- biomass pyrolysis
bio-oil upgrading
hydrodeoxygenation
Organic chemistry
QD241-441
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 14203049
- Volume :
- 29
- Issue :
- 18
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Molecules
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.f623cd17e5894745a489dfba4ebe6d8a
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184325