High Capacity Mode Division Multiplexing Based MIMO Enabled All-Optical Analog Millimeter-Wave Over Fiber Fronthaul Architecture for 5G and Beyond

The ever-increasing proliferation of mobile users and new technologies, and the demands for ubiquitous connectivity, high data capacity, faster data speed, low latency, and reliable services have been driven the quest for the next generation, fifth generation (5G), of the wireless networks. Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) has been identified as a promising architecture for addressing 5G requirements. However, C-RAN enforces stringent requirements on the fronthaul capacity and latency. To this end, several fronthaul solutions have been proposed in the literature, ranging from transporting digitized radio signals over fiber and functional splits to an entirely analog-radio-over fiber (A-RoF) based fronthual. A-RoF is a highly appealing transport solution for fronthual of 5G and beyond owing to its high bandwidth and energy efficiency, low system complexity, small footprint, cost-effectiveness, and low latency. In this paper, a high capacity multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) enabled all-optical analog-millimeter-wave-over fiber (A-MMWoF) fronthaul architecture is proposed for 5G and beyond of wireless networks. The proposed architecture employs photonic MMW signals generation and mode division multiplexing (MDM) along with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for transporting MMW MIMO signals in the optical domain. In support of the proposed architecture design, a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review on the recent research works in high capacity A-RoF fronthaul systems and related transport technologies is presented. In addition, the corresponding potential challenges and solutions along with potential future directions are highlighted. The proposed design is flexible and scalable for achieving high capacity, high speed, and low latency fronthaul links.