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Categorization: The View from Animal Cognition

Authors :
J. David Smith
Alexandria C. Zakrzewski
Jennifer M. Johnson
Jeanette C. Valleau
Barbara A. Church
Source :
Behavioral Sciences, Vol 6, Iss 2, p 12 (2016)
Publication Year :
2016
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2016.

Abstract

Exemplar, prototype, and rule theory have organized much of the enormous literature on categorization. From this theoretical foundation have arisen the two primary debates in the literature—the prototype-exemplar debate and the single system-multiple systems debate. We review these theories and debates. Then, we examine the contribution that animal-cognition studies have made to them. Animals have been crucial behavioral ambassadors to the literature on categorization. They reveal the roots of human categorization, the basic assumptions of vertebrates entering category tasks, the surprising weakness of exemplar memory as a category-learning strategy. They show that a unitary exemplar theory of categorization is insufficient to explain human and animal categorization. They show that a multiple-systems theoretical account—encompassing exemplars, prototypes, and rules—will be required for a complete explanation. They show the value of a fitness perspective in understanding categorization, and the value of giving categorization an evolutionary depth and phylogenetic breadth. They raise important questions about the internal similarity structure of natural kinds and categories. They demonstrate strong continuities with humans in categorization, but discontinuities, too. Categorization’s great debates are resolving themselves, and to these resolutions animals have made crucial contributions.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
2076328X
Volume :
6
Issue :
2
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Behavioral Sciences
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.f3f5ec2c60df410e978ce34c1e9fec3f
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6020012