Interactions between beneficial soil microorganisms (PGPR and AMF) and host plants for environmental restoration: A systematic review

In response to mounting concerns over heavy metal contamination in soils, this review explores the potential of beneficial soil microorganisms, particularly Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), as a sustainable solution. These microorganisms play a pivotal role in enhancing plant growth, development, and resilience against heavy metal stress. Effective phytoremediation strategies depend on selecting suitable plant families, including Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and Poaceae, known for their unique attributes that contribute to heavy metal mitigation. Utilizing beneficial microbes and fostering plant-microbe interactions, commonly termed as 'green technology,' offers a compelling strategy to address heavy metal contamination and promote environmental restoration. AMF species like Glomus and Rhizophagus, and PGPR species belonging to Bacillus and Pseudomonas, significantly enhance phytoremediation. The synergistic interaction between (AMF) and (PGPR) represents a significant advancement, especially in heavy metal-contaminated soils. This interaction amplifies plant growth, enhances resistance to heavy metals, and holds promise for soil restoration and phytoremediation. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms, optimizing synergies, and translating findings into practical applications. Tailored, crop-specific approaches may revolutionize agriculture, considering long-term effects and multi-stress tolerance.