Comparison of a high-definition three-dimensional digital camera system with a conventional state-of-the-art operation microscope for microsurgical anastomoses

Abstract Since its clinical implementation, microvascular surgery has depended on the continuous improvement of magnification tools. One of the more recent developments is a high-definition three-dimensional (3D) digital system (exoscope), which provides an alternative to the state-of-the-art operating microscopes. This study aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this technology and compare it with its predecessor. The study included 14 surgeons with varying levels of experience, none of which had used a 3D optical system previously. Six of these surgeons performed five arterial and five venous anastomoses in the chicken thigh model with both the VITOM 3D exoscope-guided system and the Pentero operating microscope. These anastomoses were then evaluated for their quality and anastomosis time. The participants and the other eight surgeons, who had used the digital 3D camera system for microsurgical training exercises and vascular sutures, answered a questionnaire. The anastomosis time and number of complications were lower with the conventional microscope. Participants rated the image quality with the conventional microscope as higher, whereas the field of view and ergonomics were favorable in the digital 3D camera system. Exoscopes are optics suitable for performing simple microvascular procedures and are superior to classical microscopes ergonomically. Thus far, they are inferior to classical microscopes in terms of image quality and 3D imaging.