Efficacy of Quercetin and Quercetin Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Cisplatin-Induced Renal and Testicular Toxicity via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

Background/Objectives: Flavonoids, including quercetin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health-promoting effects. Methods: The current experiment aims to see whether quercetin (QUE) in nanoparticle form could mitigate testicular and renal toxicity caused by cisplatin (CIS) more effectively than normally formulated QUE. Rats were randomly treated with CIS alone or in combination with QUE or QUE.NPs (Quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles) for 4 weeks. QUE and QUE.NPs were given orally (10 mg/kg, three times a week), while CIS was given intraperitoneally (2 mg/kg, twice a week). Results: Compared to QUE- and CIS + QUE.NP-treated rats, CIS exposure induced anxiety and emotional stress as well as promoted oxidative stress in both testicular and renal tissues. Moreover, CIS reduced serum testosterone levels and diminished testicular IL-10, as well as CIS-induced renal failure, as indicated by hypokalemia, and increased levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, IL-18, and KIM-1. Further, severe histological changes were observed in the testis and kidney of CIS-intoxicated rats. Regarding immunohistochemical staining, CIS significantly upregulated Bax, downregulated Bcl-2, and moderately enhanced PCNA expression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both QUE and QUE.NPs modulated emotional disturbance and improved testicular and renal functions via modulation of oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, QUE.NPs performed better than QUE-treated rats.