Marine microalgae and their industrial biotechnological applications: A review

Background: For use in specialized programs in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed sectors, micro-algal biomass has been generated industrially. They can be grown in closed buildings, such as photobioreactors, or open structures. The utilization of biomass from microalgae for energy production is another crucial topic. Because of the world’s diminishing petroleum sources and the greenhouse gas emissions from gasoline lines, it is now obvious that fuels generated from petroleum are not sustainable. Results: Microalgae can produce a variety of unique, sustainable biofuels. These include biodiesel made from trans-esterification of microalgal lipids, bioethanol from fermentation of carbohydrates, methane created by anaerobic digestion of algal biomass, and biohydrogen produced by photobiological processes. The idea of using microalgae as a fuel source is not entirely novel. Conclusion: This analysis emphasizes the significance of recent and noteworthy advancements in the industrial usage of microalgae, with an emphasis on their biotechnological applications.