Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are commonly used for glucose lowering and weight-loss. However, their association with gastrointestinal cancer remains uncertain. This meta-analysis assesses the risk of gastrointestinal cancer in patients treated with GLP-1 RAs. Methods: We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception to November 15, 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with at least 24 weeks of safety follow-up. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using fixed- and random-effect models. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and certainty of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Results: We included 90 RCTs with 124,791 participants, with an average follow-up of 3.1 years per participant. No significant association was found between GLP-1 RAs and the risk of any gastrointestinal cancer (RRrandom=0.99, 95 % CI: 0.86−1.13), or site-specific gastrointestinal cancers including biliary tract (RR=0.98, 0.54−1.78), colorectal (RR=1.13, 0.92−1.39), gallbladder (RR=1.32, 0.43−4.00), gastric (RR=0.88, 0.58−1.33), hepatic (RR=0.79, 0.51−1.21), oesophageal (RR=0.70, 0.38−1.28), pancreatic (RR=1.05, 0.77−1.43), and small intestine cancer (RR=0.78, 0.20−3.04). The corresponding absolute risk differences excluded important impacts on risk. Additional analyses, limited to placebo-controlled trials, high-dose studies, or those with a follow-up duration of ≥5 years, confirmed these findings. Risk of bias was generally low and the certainty of evidence was high for all outcomes. Conclusions: This meta-analysis found no significant impact of GLP-1 RAs on gastrointestinal cancer risk. Long-term safety monitoring of these agents remains important. Systematic review registration: CRD42023476762.