Mechanically rechargeable zinc-air batteries for two- and three-wheeler electric vehicles in emerging markets

Abstract Mechanically rechargeable zinc-air batteries are considered promising for powering electric vehicles due to their high theoretical energy density, but a few practical hurdles impede their implementation. Understanding the key technical blockades that restrict their implementation will enable quick deployment of these batteries in electric vehicles. This Review analyzes the performance of various on-road electric vehicle segments powered by lithium-ion batteries and compares this with the current rechargeable zinc-air battery development. We discuss the theoretical limits and vehicle-specific blockades involved in achieving the performance of mechanically rechargeable zinc-air battery-powered electric vehicles, equivalent to those powered by lithium-ion batteries. Based on the identified blockades, we present ideas on future research direction on positive and negative electrodes, and battery operation and architecture. Finally, we discuss the conditions under which these batteries can be implemented in various electric vehicle segments.