Selective ion sensing with high resolution large area graphene field effect transistor arrays

The authors demonstrate wafer-scale, graphene-based ion sensitive field effect transistors arrays for simultaneous concentration measurement of K+, Na+, NH4 +, NO3 −, SO4 2−, HPO4 2− and Cl−, and use their technology for real-time ion concentration measurements in an aquarium with lemnoideae lemna over a period of three weeks.