Application and progress of artificial intelligence technology in the segmentation of hyperreflective foci in OCT images for ophthalmic disease research

With the advancement of retinal imaging, hyperreflective foci (HRF) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images have gained significant attention as potential biological biomarkers for retinal neuroinflammation. However, these biomarkers, represented by HRF, present pose challenges in terms of localization, quantification, and require substantial time and resources. In recent years, the progress and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) have provided powerful tools for the analysis of biological markers. AI technology enables use machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and other technologies to precise characterization of changes in biological biomarkers during disease progression and facilitates quantitative assessments. Based on ophthalmic images, AI has significant implications for early screening, diagnostic grading, treatment efficacy evaluation, treatment recommendations, and prognosis development in common ophthalmic diseases. Moreover, it will help reduce the reliance of the healthcare system on human labor, which has the potential to simplify and expedite clinical trials, enhance the reliability and professionalism of disease management, and improve the prediction of adverse events. This article offers a comprehensive review of the application of AI in combination with HRF on OCT images in ophthalmic diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and other retinal diseases and presents prospects for their utilization.