Gain Pattern Reconstruction of GPS Satellite Antennas Using a Global Receiver Network

For GNSS signal power monitoring systems, the characterization of satellite antennas plays an important role. Recently, gain pattern reconstructions of Galileo satellite antennas have been obtained using single-station observations. However, due to the characteristics of GPS orbits, such an approach is less suitable for GPS satellite antennas. This study introduces a methodology for multi-station satellite antenna gain pattern reconstruction. To overcome the unavailability of receiver antenna gain patterns at the employed stations, a dedicated algorithm is introduced that uses an antenna at a base station to remotely characterize the antennas in network stations. Obtained reconstructions of L1 antenna gain patterns of selected GPS satellites show a consistency at the 0.3–0.4 dB level (95%) with data provided by the manufacturer and better than 0.3 dB (95%) with ground-based observations using a high-gain antenna. The introduced methodology may be employed in the establishment of permanent multi-constellation GNSS signal power monitoring systems.