Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used

Che Suraya Zin,1 Nor Ilyani Nazar,1 Norny Syafinaz Rahman,1 Nor Elina Alias,1 Wan Rohaidah Ahmad,2 Nurul Sahida Rani,3 Mary Suma Cardosa,4 Kim Swan Ng,4 Felicia Loh Ye5 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia; 2Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; 3Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; 4Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Selayang, Batu Caves, Malaysia; 5Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Selayang, Batu Caves, Malaysia Purpose: To examine the trends of analgesic prescribing at public tertiary hospital outpatient settings and explore the patterns of their utilization in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tramadol, and opioid patients. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2010 to 2016 using the prescription databases of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. Prescriptions for nine NSAIDs (ketoprofen, diclofenac, celecoxib, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meloxicam, mefenamic acid, and naproxen), tramadol, and five other opioids (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, and buprenorphine) were included in this study. Annual number of patients and prescriptions were measured in repeat cross-sectional estimates. Descriptive statistics and linear trend analysis were performed using Stata version 13. Results: A total of 192,747 analgesic prescriptions of the nine NSAIDs, tramadol, and five other opioids were given for 97,227 patients (51.8% NSAIDs patients, 46.6% tramadol patients, and 1.7% opioid patients) from 2010 to 2016. Tramadol (37.9%, n=72,999) was the most frequently prescribed analgesic, followed by ketoprofen (17.5%, n=33,793), diclofenac (16.2%, n=31,180), celecoxib (12.2%, n=23,487), and other NSAIDs (