Sex Determination via the Second Cervical Vertebra and Odontoid Process: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Determining an individual’s sex is crucial in several fields, such as forensic anthropology, archaeology, and medicine. Accurate sex estimation, alongside the estimation of age at death, stature, and ancestry, is of paramount importance for creating a biological profile. This profile helps narrow the potential pool of missing persons and aids identification. Our research focuses on the second cervical vertebra and odontoid process, which is particularly valuable due to their high sexual dimorphism. This brief research is structured as follows: we provide an overview of morphometric analysis of the second cervical vertebra for accurate sex estimation in forensic anthropology. We then delve into a case report to explore sexual dimorphism of the C2 vertebrae. Moreover, we discuss some of these studies that showed a significant correlation between the dimensions of the second cervical vertebrae and height, suggesting that the C2 can be used as a reliable indicator for stature estimation. The high accuracy rate of sex estimation using the second cervical vertebrae suggests that this method is a valuable tool for forensic anthropologists. Its practical application can significantly contribute to identifying and profiling individuals in a forensic context, thereby aiding in the identification process.