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Electromagnetic and Radon Earthquake Precursors

Authors :
Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
Demetrios Cantzos
Aftab Alam
Stavros Dimopoulos
Ermioni Petraki
Source :
Geosciences, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 271 (2024)
Publication Year :
2024
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2024.

Abstract

Earthquake forecasting is arguably one of the most challenging tasks in Earth sciences owing to the high complexity of the earthquake process. Over the past 40 years, there has been a plethora of work on finding credible, consistent and accurate earthquake precursors. This paper is a cumulative survey on earthquake precursor research, arranged into two broad categories: electromagnetic precursors and radon precursors. In the first category, methods related to measuring electromagnetic radiation in a wide frequency range, i.e., from a few Hz to several MHz, are presented. Precursors based on optical and radar imaging acquired by spaceborne sensors are also considered, in the broad sense, as electromagnetic. In the second category, concentration measurements of radon gas found in soil and air, or even in ground water after being dissolved, form the basis of radon activity precursors. Well-established mathematical techniques for analysing data derived from electromagnetic radiation and radon concentration measurements are also described with an emphasis on fractal methods. Finally, physical models of earthquake generation and propagation aiming at interpreting the foundation of the aforementioned seismic precursors, are investigated.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20763263
Volume :
14
Issue :
10
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Geosciences
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.974a979a17a47e78e099bc932fdad6d
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14100271