To reduce or to recycle? Urban residents’ views on food waste and food-related packaging practices in The Hague, Netherlands

Urban households are an intimate nexus of food and food waste, connecting people to challenges of sustainability and inequality, in wider food systems. Household food waste (HFW) studies, including those which explored consumption practices during COVID-19, have tended to emphasize the reduction in food waste as part of behaviour change. In 2018/19 an exploratory, interdisciplinary, mixed method study was conducted of HFW perceptions and practices of urban residents in The Hague (Netherlands) with purposeful sampling (n = 19), speaking either Dutch, English or Arabic. Participants took photographs of their HFW for photovoice interviews and focus group HFW stories. The research provided a space for participants to become self-aware of the explicit and implicit understanding of their food practices and their household food waste and its related practices (i.e. food-related packaging). This finding resonated across all hierarchical levels of waste management from best practices, such as, reduction to mixed waste least preferred options. Performing HFW appears to lack comprehensive ecological contextualisation as per the latter part of the urban food system. Dutch and English-speaking focus groups seemed mostly unaware of ‘what happened next’ to their disposed HFW and food-related packaging, whilst the Arabic speaking focus group appeared more comprehensively ecosystem attuned. Given the impetus to a zero-waste more sustainable lifestyle, the transitory implications of knowing more explicitly about ‘what happens next’ to different forms of urban HFW disposal, once it is ‘out of sight’, could potentially offer insights into reconfigured routine HFW performance and therefore require further research.