Robust catalyst 3D microarchitectures by digital light printing with ceramic particle–polymer composites

This study entailed the development of an advanced photocatalyst model characterized by high efficiency and ease in dispersion and retrieval processes. This model incorporates a multiscale-hierarchical open-cell structure integrated with nanostructured materials, effectively targeting the removal of organic compounds from wastewater. The fabrication of the specimens was achieved through a combined approach of additive manufacturing and chemical synthesis. The open-cell structure, composed of photopolymerized polymers and synthesized nanocrystals, displays a notable aspect ratio, an extensive surface area, and a significant porosity. These features facilitate the concurrent entry of fluid and light into the core of the framework, leading to enhanced light scattering and activation of photoinduced redox reactions on organic contaminants adhered to the anatase TiO2 surface. The photocatalytic performance was quantified through a spectroscopic analysis, monitoring the absorbance changes associated with organic pollutant degradation. In addition, the influence of open-cell structures on nanomaterial growth under hydrothermal synthesis conditions was explored using finite element method simulations, with findings corroborated by microscopic examination. The functional effectiveness of the novel photocatalyst was assessed through compression tests, analysis of changes pre- and post-reaction, and evaluations of reusability. The developed 3D photocatalyst offers straightforward installation, relocation, and operation, presenting a resilient and effective solution for employing nanoscale catalysts while significantly reducing secondary contamination risks from nanomaterials in aquatic environments. This innovative structure holds potential for application in diverse sectors, including hydrogen production, water decomposition, CO2 capture, and biomedicine.