Neurotoxocity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: potential implications in molecular medicine and neurosciences

Copper is an essential trace element and is an integral part of many metabolic and other chemical processes in cells and tissues. Copper-based nanoparticles (CuNPs) have wide industrial and engineering applications, as catalysts, sensing materials, part of superconductors, storage systems, and phototermal / thermoelectric materials. In recent years, their potential use in biology and medicine has also contributed to the increased interest by scientific community. Unfortunately, many aspects of CuNP interactions with cells and tissues remain unknown. It is unclear if, in a living organism, CuNPs behave the same way as conventional metallic copper. Possible impact of CuNPs on the functioning of organs such as liver, kidney and brain is of particular concern. This concise review aims to cover recent research on potential CuNP toxicity, with the emphasis on neurotoxocity, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Also, potential implications of CuNPs toxicity in fundamental and clinical medicine are discussed.