Population‐based study of environmental heavy metal exposure and hearing loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Background and Objectives Previous studies have shown an association between environmental exposure to heavy metals and hearing loss. However, the findings regarding the relationship between exposure to different metals and hearing loss development are inconsistent. To address this, we conducted a meta‐analysis to explore the link between common heavy metal exposures and hearing loss. This study examined the effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) pollution on hearing loss at various levels, and systematically reviewed the literature on manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), arsenic (As), and hearing loss. Methods We conducted systematic searches in five major databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. In addition, we searched three Chinese digital libraries: CNKI, Wanfang Data, and Wipu. From an initial pool of 649 articles, we carefully screened and selected 15 articles for further analysis. The effect sizes from these selected studies were synthesized through a meta‐analysis to calculate the overall effect size. Results Our findings showed that: (1) There was a significant association between Pb and Cd exposure and hearing loss; (2) There is a proportional relationship between the increase of metal index detected in blood and hearing loss; (3) In the PTA measurement of hearing loss at different frequencies, the 4 kHz high frequency range had a stronger correlation with hearing loss than the low frequency, with OR 1.44 (1.22, 1.71); and (4) There was a more significant correlation between Barium (Ba) levels in nails and hair than in urine. Conclusions The study presented evidence of a significant association between human hearing loss and exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). It not only revealed a positive correlation between blood heavy metal concentrations and the incidence of hearing loss but also highlighted that long‐term exposure indicators of heavy metals were more indicative of the correlation with hearing loss. Lastly, the study recommends utilizing high frequency 4 kHz for the effective assessment and diagnosis of hearing loss caused by exposure to heavy metals.