Assessing Phytotoxic Effects of Herbicides and Their Impact on Potato Cultivars in Agricultural and Environmental Contexts

Phytotoxicity refers to the capacity of chemical substances or environmental factors to have a negative impact on plants. This is a crucial issue in both the context of crop cultivation and environmental protection. The research results were based on a 3-year field experiment conducted at an experimental station in Jadwisin (52°28′ N, 21°02′ E) on loamy soil. The experiment was set up using a randomized sub-block design in a split–split–plot arrangement with three replications. The first-order factor consisted of potato cultivars, while the second-order factors were weed control methods: (1) without protection; (2) mechanical weed control, extensive mechanical treatments to close rows; (3) Sencor 70 WG—pre-emergence (PRE) of potatoes; (4) Sencor 70 WG + Titus 25 WG + Trend 90 EC—PRE of potatoes; (5) Sencor 70 WG—post-emergence (POST) of potatoes; (6) Sencor 70 WG + Titus 25 WG + Trend 90 EC—POST of potatoes; (7) Sencor 70 WG + Fusilade Forte 150 EC—POST of potatoes; and (8) Sencor 70 WG + Apyros 75 WG + Atpolan 80 SC—POST of potatoes. The phytotoxic effects of herbicides on potato plants and weeds were assessed every 7 days, starting from the date when the first signs of damage appeared until they stabilized or disappeared. Phytotoxic damage to potato and weed plants was caused by the chemical weed control methods used. The response of potato plants to herbicides was significantly related to the genetic traits of the cultivars and meteorological conditions in the years of research. Phytotoxicity is an important aspect in both agriculture and environmental protection. Research on its mechanisms and impact will enable the development of effective plant protection strategies and the preservation of ecosystem balance.