Environmental feasibility and implications in using recycled construction and demolition waste aggregates in road construction based on leaching and life cycle assessment – A state-of-the-art review

Due to rapid population growth and urbanization, construction activities have increased worldwide resulting in generation of enormous volume of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. On one hand, C&D waste is generated during the construction, destruction, and rehabilitation of existing structures. While on the other, the transportation sector consumes large volumes of aggregates for pavement construction and maintenance. The extraction of finite natural aggregates causes potential damage to the environment. Recycled C&D waste, once converted into recycled aggregates, has the potential to be utilized in pavement layers due to its sound quality and composition; also resulting in lowering the landfill loads. This review article critically summarizes the environmental risks regarding chemical composition and leaching behavior of C&D wastes in pavements. Additionally, this review evaluates the environmental impacts of C&D waste aggregate production and application in pavements using life cycle assessment (LCA). Overall, the aim of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts and benefits of C&D waste to enable highway administrations to adopt and promote the use of C&D waste in development of sustainable road infrastructure. In this way, the review article attempts to promote a new era of sustainable road construction and achieve net zero waste goal.