Application of artificial intelligence in VSD prenatal diagnosis from fetal heart ultrasound images

Abstract Background Developing a combined artificial intelligence (AI) and ultrasound imaging to provide an accurate, objective, and efficient adjunctive diagnostic approach for fetal heart ventricular septal defects (VSD). Methods 1,451 fetal heart ultrasound images from 500 pregnant women were comprehensively analyzed between January 2016 and June 2022. The fetal heart region was manually labeled and the presence of VSD was discriminated by experts. The principle of five-fold cross-validation was followed in the training set to develop the AI model to assist in the diagnosis of VSD. The model was evaluated in the test set using metrics such as mAP@0.5, precision, recall, and F1 score. The diagnostic accuracy and inference time were also compared with junior doctors, intermediate doctors, and senior doctors. Results The mAP@0.5, precision, recall, and F1 scores for the AI model diagnosis of VSD were 0.926, 0.879, 0.873, and 0.88, respectively. The accuracy of junior doctors and intermediate doctors improved by 6.7% and 2.8%, respectively, with the assistance of this system. Conclusions This study reports an AI-assisted diagnostic method for VSD that has a high agreement with manual recognition. It also has a low number of parameters and computational complexity, which can also improve the diagnostic accuracy and speed of some physicians for VSD.