Effect of anti-epileptic drugs usage on thyroid profile in Egyptian epileptic children

Abstract Background The long-term use of anti-seizure medications (ASMs) adversely affects thyroid, lipid profile and other metabolic functions. Subclinical hypothyroidism and alterations in thyroid hormone serum levels are reported with older ASMs in adults with limited and conflicting data of the influence of ASMs especially newer one on thyroid function in children. This study aimed to investigate the effects of conventional and newer ASMs whether mono or polytherapy on thyroid profile in children with epilepsy and its impact on lipid profile and metabolic functions. Results This study included 155 children with epilepsy (76 on monotherapy and 79 on polytherapy) with mean age of 9.677 ± 3.981 years (54.84% euthyroid, 31.61% hypothyroid, 9.68% subclinical hyperthyroid and 3.87% subclinical hypothyroid) and 78 healthy controls. Children with epilepsy whether on monotherapy or on polytherapy had a statistically significant thyroid profile abnormalities (hypothyroidism, sub-clinical hypothyroidism or sub-clinical hyperthyroidism), dyslipidemia, delayed growth and increase in DBP compared to control group. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between hypothyroidism and dyslipidemia as well as between hypothyroidism and delayed growth and increase in DBP. There was no statistically significant difference between polytherapy and monotherapy regarding thyroid and lipid parameters but children with epilepsy on polytherapy were associated with more statistically significant delay in growth and increase in DBP compared to monotherapy group. Carbamazepine had a statistically significant association with hypothyroidism, increase in DBP and higher total and LDL-cholesterol. Valproic acid had a statistically significant association with sub-clinical hypothyroidism with a positive dose correlation. Levetiracetam (LEV) was associated with a statistically significant lower HDL-cholesterol. All echocardiography data showed no abnormality. Conclusion ASMs whether older or newer generations can affect thyroid and lipid profile differently through different mechanisms that are dose and duration dependent regardless of the seizure type and age of the patient. ASMs mainly conventional ones are associated with hypothyroidism, sub-clinical hypothyroidism, sub-clinical hyperthyroidism, dyslipidemia and consequently delayed growth and diastolic blood pressure abnormalities.