A modern classification of asthenopias: clinical forms and stages

According to the definition of the Expert council on accommodation and refraction, asthenopia is a functional disorder of vision with typical symptoms manifested in the fact that visual work becomes difficult or impossible. The paper suggests a classification of asthenopias which generalizes literary data and takes account of the authors’ own research results. The classification distinguishes among four forms of asthenopia, depending on the causes inducing the condition: accommodative (or refractive-accommodative), muscular (motoric), sensory (neuroreceptive) and psycho-emotional asthenopia. We also propose to distinguish three stages of asthenopia with regard to the severity of the symptoms: compensation, subcompensation, and decompensation stages // Russian Ophthalmological Journal, 2016; 4: 69-73. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-4-69-73 .