Experimental and theoretical insights into the photoinduced degradation of nadolol in the Danube River through catalytic oxidation with radical species

Our study provides valuable insights into the photoinduced degradation of nadolol in the Danube River through catalytic oxidation with radicals. The presence of H2O2 under UV and UV-LED irradiation significantly enhanced degradation efficiency. The water matrix complexity had a significant impact on process efficiency. Nitrate, chloride, and sulfate ions exhibited an inhibitory effect on nadolol degradation by quenching •OH radicals. Additional analyses, including catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, and computational analysis, revealed proposed degradation intermediates. Six degradation intermediates were proposed, along with their NMR chemical shifts. The degree of mineralization and in vitro toxicity were assessed.