Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review

Objective Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (p‐IBD) is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder of childhood with long‐term morbidity. Several extraintestinal manifestations are described, the most common being joint pain and/or inflammation. However, patient and disease characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of p‐IBD‐associated musculoskeletal disease are not well established. Our study aims to summarize the recent literature on the epidemiology of musculoskeletal manifestations in p‐IBD in the era of biologics. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases was performed with relevant keywords. Studies in English published from January 1, 2000, to December 21, 2020, were included. In total, 3893 articles were identified and screened. Study and population characteristics and outcomes of interest were recorded. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Results Thirteen studies were included for full review, which were primarily single‐center observational studies with retrospective or cross‐sectional designs. The diagnostic criteria and definitions used for musculoskeletal manifestations varied. Musculoskeletal manifestation prevalence ranged from 2% to 35%. Only one study assessed the response of musculoskeletal manifestations to biologics. Risk of bias demonstrated heterogeneity in study quality. Conclusion This is the first systematic review of musculoskeletal manifestations in p‐IBD. Analysis was limited because of variability in study design and data‐reporting methods. Definitions varied among included studies, with a clear lack in standardization. Our study demonstrates the need for standardized assessment of musculoskeletal manifestations of p‐IBD and further research to explore optimal management to advance care for this group of children.