The impact of physical activity on bone health

Osteoporosis is an important public health problem that can be managed with effective fracture prevention. In the present paper we present the biochemical and hormonal mechanisms of muscle contractions that impact bone formation. The most efficacious exercises inducing increase in bone mineral density are described. Regular physical activity in all stages of life is an affordable and widely available nonpharmacological intervention that can be implemented in parallel with pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis. If precautionary measures are followed it has low risk for complications and numerous benefits: it prevents the loss of bone mass, improves muscle strength, coordination and balance and thus prevents falls and osteoporotic fractures. Physical activity has an important place in primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis, increasing acquisition of maximal bone mass in childhood and adolescence, reducing bone loss in adulthood and old age. It is – with certain limitations – highly recommended soon following an osteoporotic fracture. Strength and balance exercises and cyclical movements in upright position are recommended.