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Resistance to Ceftazidime/Avibactam, Meropenem/Vaborbactam and Imipenem/Relebactam in Gram-Negative MDR Bacilli: Molecular Mechanisms and Susceptibility Testing
- Source :
- Antibiotics, Vol 11, Iss 5, p 628 (2022)
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2022.
-
Abstract
- Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a serious global threat due to the rapid global spread and limited antimicrobial options for treatment of difficult-to-treat (DTR) infections sustained by MDR pathogens. Recently, novel β-lactams/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (βL-βLICs) have been developed for the treatment of DTR infections due to MDR Gram-negative pathogens. Although novel βL-βLICs exhibited promising in vitro and in vivo activities against MDR pathogens, emerging resistances to these novel molecules have recently been reported. Resistance to novel βL-βLICs is due to several mechanisms including porin deficiencies, increasing carbapenemase expression and/or enzyme mutations. In this review, we summarized the main mechanisms related to the resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam and imipenem/relebactam in MDR Gram-negative micro-organisms. We focused on antimicrobial activities and resistance traits with particular regard to molecular mechanisms related to resistance to novel βL-βLICs. Lastly, we described and discussed the main detection methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of such molecules. With increasing reports of resistance to novel βL-βLICs, continuous attention should be maintained on the monitoring of the phenotypic traits of MDR pathogens, into the characterization of related mechanisms, and on the emergence of cross-resistance to these novel antimicrobials.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20796382
- Volume :
- 11
- Issue :
- 5
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Antibiotics
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.838aaff283b94d7d911402bb55442130
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050628