Variability and properties of liquid-dominated clouds over the ice-free and sea-ice-covered Arctic Ocean

Due to their potential to either warm or cool the surface, liquid-phase clouds and their interaction with the ice-free and sea-ice-covered ocean largely determine the energy budget and surface temperature in the Arctic. Here, we use airborne measurements of solar spectral cloud reflectivity obtained during the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign in summer 2017 and the Arctic Amplification: FLUXes in the Cloudy Atmospheric Boundary Layer (AFLUX) campaign in spring 2019 in the vicinity of Svalbard to retrieve microphysical properties of liquid-phase clouds. The retrieval was tailored to provide consistent results over sea-ice and open-ocean surfaces. Clouds including ice crystals that significantly bias the retrieval results were filtered from the analysis. A comparison with in situ measurements shows good agreement with the retrieved effective radii and an overestimation of the liquid water path and reduced agreement for boundary-layer clouds with varying fractions of ice water content. Considering these limitations, retrieved microphysical properties of clouds observed over the ice-free ocean and sea ice in spring and early summer in the Arctic are compared. In early summer, the liquid-phase clouds have a larger median effective radius (9.5 µm), optical thickness (11.8) and effective liquid water path (72.3 g m−2) compared to spring conditions (8.7 µm, 8.3 and 51.8 g m−2, respectively). The results show larger cloud droplets over the ice-free Arctic Ocean compared to sea ice in spring and early summer caused mainly by the temperature differences in the surfaces and related convection processes. Due to their larger droplet sizes, the liquid clouds over the ice-free ocean have slightly reduced optical thicknesses and lower liquid water contents compared to the sea-ice surface conditions. The comprehensive dataset on microphysical properties of Arctic liquid-phase clouds is publicly available and could, e.g., help to constrain models or be used to investigate effects of liquid-phase clouds on the radiation budget.