Carbohydrate Core–Shell Electrosprayed Microcapsules for Enhanced Oxidative Stability of Vitamin A Palmitate

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that is readily oxidized. In this study, the encapsulation of vitamin A palmitate (AP) within a core–shell carbohydrate matrix by co-axial electrospray and its oxidative stability was evaluated. The electrosprayed core–shell microcapsules consisted of a shell of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified corn starch, maltose (Hi-Cap), and a core of ethyl cellulose–AP (average diameter of about 3.7 µm). The effect of different compounds (digestion-resistant maltodextrin, soy protein hydrolysate, casein protein hydrolysate, and lecithin) added to the base core–shell matrix formulation on the oxidative stability of AP was investigated. The oxidative stability of AP was evaluated using isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The core–shell carbohydrate matrix minimizes the amount of AP present at the microparticle surface, thus protecting AP from oxidation. Furthermore, the most effective oxidation protection was achieved when casein protein hydrolysate was added to the core of the microcapsule due to hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions with AP and by the resistant maltodextrin in the shell, which acted as a filler. The utilization of ethanol as a solvent for the dispersion of the core compounds increased the hydrophobicity of the hydrolyzed proteins and contributed to the enhancement of their antioxidant ability. Both the carbohydrate core–shell microcapsule prepared by co-axial electrospray and the addition of oxidation protection compounds enhance the oxidative stability of the encapsulated AP.