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A Cross-Sectional Study of Various Imaging and Biochemical Biomarkers in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema in Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
- Source :
- Clinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 16, Pp 3129-3134 (2022)
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- Dove Medical Press, 2022.
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Abstract
- Prithvi Naveen, Vijaya Sahu, Madhumallika Pathak Department of Ophthalmology, AIIMS Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IndiaCorrespondence: Vijaya Sahu, 2D, Block 5, Singapore City, Kota, Raipur, 492099, India, Tel +91 9752679556, Email drvijayasahu77@gmail.comPurpose: To compare which imaging and biochemical biomarkers are associated with different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).Patients and Methods: It was a cross-sectional, observational study that included 100 patients of DME with different stages of DR. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A – DME with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and Group B - DME with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Group A was further subdivided into three subgroups: A (1) – DME with mild NPDR, A (2) – DME with moderate NPDR, and A (3) – DME with severe NPDR. The primary outcome measure was the association of imaging and biochemical biomarkers with different stages of DR in patients with DME.Results: Out of 100 patients, Group A (1) had 1, Group A (2) 44, Group A (3) 29, and group: B had 29 patients. As Group A (1) had only one patient, we did not include it in the calculation. The overall mean age of the study population was 54.84+9.87 years, with a male preponderance (76%). The HbA1c levels, serum triglyceride level, serum cholesterol level, and microalbuminuria level showed no significant association with different stages of DR (P> 0.05). Still, we found high serum urea levels (p=0.027) in Group B patients. The optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based imaging biomarkers – central subfield thickness (CST), cystoid macular edema (CME), subretinal fluid (SRF), and hyperreflective foci (HRF) – showed no significant association with various stages of DR. The presence of diffuse retinal thickness (DRT) (p=0.04) and the epiretinal membrane (ERM) (p=0.04) showed significant association with Group B patients.Conclusion: The essential biochemical biomarkers such as serum urea levels and DRT and ERM may be considered an important imaging biomarker for the advanced stage of DR.Keywords: imaging biomarkers, biochemical biomarkers, central subfield thickness, diffuse retinal thickness, serum urea level
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 11775483
- Volume :
- ume 16
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Clinical Ophthalmology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.7cccbd5d3404d90b38de970d4484e60
- Document Type :
- article