Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality and the development of a nomogram based on a retrospective cohort

Abstract Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become a routine endoscopic procedure that is essential for diagnosing and managing various conditions, including gallstone extraction and the treatment of bile duct and pancreatic tumors. Despite its efficacy, post-ERCP infections – particularly those caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) – present significant risks. These risks highlight the need for accurate predictive models to enhance postprocedural care, reduce the mortality risk associated with post-ERCP CRE sepsis, and improve patient outcomes in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Objective This study aimed to examine the risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients with CRE sepsis following ERCP and to develop a nomogram for accurately predicting 30-day mortality risk. Methods Data from 195 patients who experienced post-ERCP CRE sepsis between January 2010 and December 2022 were analyzed. Variable selection was optimized via the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then employed to develop a predictive model, which was evaluated in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Internal validation was achieved through bootstrapping. Results The nomogram included the following predictors: age > 80 years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.61), intensive care unit (ICU) admission within 90 days prior to ERCP (HR 2.64), hypoproteinemia (HR 4.55), quick Pitt bacteremia score ≥ 2 (HR 2.61), post-ERCP pancreatitis (HR 2.52), inappropriate empirical therapy (HR 3.48), delayed definitive therapy (HR 2.64), and short treatment duration (