Galectin‐3 Is Elevated and Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Single‐Ventricle Fontan Circulation

BackgroundGalectin‐3 may play a role in cardiac and noncardiac fibrosis, and elevated circulating levels of this protein predict adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure who do not have congenital heart disease. We investigated galectin‐3 in adults with single‐ventricle Fontan circulation, patients who are prone to premature clinical deterioration in the context of extensive multiorgan fibrosis. Methods and ResultsWe measured plasma galectin‐3 concentrations in 70 ambulatory adult Fontan patients and 21 age‐ and sex‐matched control participants. Galectin‐3 level was significantly higher in the Fontan group (11.85 ng/mL, interquartile range 9.9 to 15.0 ng/mL) versus the control group (9.4 ng/mL, interquartile range 8.2 to 10.8 ng/mL; P2 SD above the control group mean value) had a higher risk of nonelective hospitalization or death (hazard ratio 6.0, 95% CI 2.1 to 16.8, P