iPhyDSDB: Phytoplasma Disease and Symptom Database

Phytoplasmas are small, intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of plant species, causing significant economic losses and impacting agriculture and farmers’ livelihoods. Early and rapid diagnosis of phytoplasma infections is crucial for preventing the spread of these diseases, particularly through early symptom recognition in the field by farmers and growers. A symptom database for phytoplasma infections can assist in recognizing the symptoms and enhance early detection and management. In this study, nearly 35,000 phytoplasma sequence entries were retrieved from the NCBI nucleotide database using the keyword “phytoplasma” and information on phytoplasma disease-associated plant hosts and symptoms was gathered. A total of 945 plant species were identified to be associated with phytoplasma infections. Subsequently, links to symptomatic images of these known susceptible plant species were manually curated, and the Phytoplasma Disease Symptom Database (iPhyDSDB) was established and implemented on a web-based interface using the MySQL Server and PHP programming language. One of the key features of iPhyDSDB is the curated collection of links to symptomatic images representing various phytoplasma-infected plant species, allowing users to easily access the original source of the collected images and detailed disease information. Furthermore, images and descriptive definitions of typical symptoms induced by phytoplasmas were included in iPhyDSDB. The newly developed database and web interface, equipped with advanced search functionality, will help farmers, growers, researchers, and educators to efficiently query the database based on specific categories such as plant host and symptom type. This resource will aid the users in comparing, identifying, and diagnosing phytoplasma-related diseases, enhancing the understanding and management of these infections.