Concomitant parasite infections influence tuberculosis immunopathology and favor rapid sputum conversion of pulmonary tuberculosis patients

Abstract Immunopathology of human tuberculosis (TB) in a subgroup of patients is characterized by aberrantly high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, for example Interleukin (IL)-6. Concomitant (co-)infections by parasites can affect host immunity, but the impact on immunopathology in TB patients is poorly defined. Here we characterized a group of patients with TB ( n = 76) from Ghana with different protozoan and helminth co-infections. Plasma cytokines were measured at the onset of disease and anti-mycobacterial treatment efficacy was monitored during disease course. A subgroup of TB patients had co-infections with protozoan (n = 19) or helminth (n = 16) parasites. Plasma analyses for candidate cytokines identified lower levels of IL-6 in parasite co-infected patients with TB. Moreover, it took less time for co-infected patients to become sputum-negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis during treatment. These results indicated an influence of parasite co-infections on immunopathology in TB and suggested positive effects on treatment efficacy.