Solidarity on Solidarity Levies and a Choice of Energy Mix

The Council of the European Union has adopted a series of increasingly controversial measures to deal with the energy crisis, These measures – based on the little used Art 122(1) TFEU- are in part linked to the Commission’s REPower EU plan, which aims to end Europe’s reliance on energy imports from Russia and accelerate Europe’s clean energy transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. With each successive measure the powers of the Commission have expanded to intervene on the supply as well as the demand side of Europe’s electricity and gas markets.