Fuel-Efficient and Fault-Tolerant CubeSat Orbit Correction via Machine Learning-Based Adaptive Control

The increasing deployment of CubeSats in space missions necessitates the development of efficient and reliable orbital maneuvering techniques, particularly given the constraints on fuel capacity and computational resources. This paper presents a novel two-level control architecture designed to enhance the accuracy and robustness of CubeSat orbital maneuvers. The proposed method integrates a J2-optimized sequence at the high level to leverage natural perturbative effects for fuel-efficient orbit corrections, with a gated recurrent unit (GRU)-based low-level controller that dynamically adjusts the maneuver sequence in real-time to account for unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. A Kalman filter is employed to estimate the pointing accuracy, which represents the uncertainties in the thrust direction, enabling the GRU to compensate for these uncertainties and ensure precise maneuver execution. This integrated approach significantly enhances both the positional accuracy and fuel efficiency of CubeSat maneuvers. Unlike traditional methods, which either rely on extensive pre-mission planning or computationally expensive control algorithms, our architecture efficiently balances fuel consumption with real-time adaptability, making it well-suited for the resource constraints of CubeSat platforms. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated through a series of simulations, including an orbit correction scenario and a Monte Carlo analysis. The results demonstrate that the integrated J2-GRU system significantly improves positional accuracy and reduces fuel consumption compared to traditional methods. Even under conditions of high uncertainty, the GRU-based control layer effectively compensates for errors in thrust direction, maintaining a low miss distance throughout the maneuvering period. Additionally, the GRU’s simpler architecture provides computational advantages over more complex models such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, making it more suitable for onboard CubeSat implementations.