Antimicrobial resistance: a concern related to streptococcosis in tilapia farming

Despite all the technical-scientific knowledge about streptococcosis, the high prevalence of bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus spp. in Nile tilapia farming implies the frequent, often irresponsible, use of antibiotics. The use of chemotherapy in aquaculture environments remains an efficient practice in the treatment of bacterial infections and disease prevention. Research have shown that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in farmed fish is one of the main challenges faced in aquaculture. It is known that emerging AMR in aquaculture can be transferred to clinically important strains from the natural environment through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) affecting the entire aquatic ecosystem. Maintaining health in tilapia farms promotes the sustainability of production systems and, consequently, improves the final quality of farm products. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide information on the prevention, control and eradication of diseases in Nile tilapia farms, and how such management plays a fundamental role in maintaining public health by ensuring adequate sanitary conditions for animals intended for human consumption.