The Relationship Between Dry Eye Disease and Digital Screen Use

Zaina Al-Mohtaseb,1 Scott Schachter,2 Bridgitte Shen Lee,3 Jaclyn Garlich,4 William Trattler5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 2Presbyopia and Ocular Surface Disease, Allergan, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, CA, USA; 3Vision Optique, Houston, TX, USA; 4Envision Optometry, Boston, MA, USA; 5Center for Excellence in Eye Care, Miami, FL, USACorrespondence: Zaina Al-MohtasebDepartment of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USATel +1-713-798-5143Fax +1-713-798-3027Email zaina@bcm.eduAbstract: Dry eye disease is characterized by tear film instability that can result in ocular surface damage. Patients with dry eye disease may experience ocular pain/discomfort and visual disturbances that may negatively impact quality of life. Increased use of digital screens for work, communication, and entertainment, especially during times of pandemic, may contribute to dry eye. Extensive cross-sectional studies have shown that digital screen use duration is associated with an increased risk of severe symptoms and clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease in adults. Smartphone use duration has also been found to be greater in school-age children with dry eye disease than in those without dry eye disease. A commonly accepted hypothesis for the relationship between digital screen use and dry eye disease is that digital screen use changes blinking dynamics, leading to ocular dryness. This review describes evidence that digital screen use is associated with dry eye disease, that digital device use alters blinking dynamics, and that dry eye affects mental health and work productivity in digital screen users. Helpful prevention and management strategies for dry eye disease exist for those who use digital screens.Keywords: blinking, ocular surface, quality of life, smartphone, computer, visual display