Same calls, different meanings: Acoustic communication of Holocentridae.

The literature on sound production behaviours in fish in the wild is quite sparse. In several taxa, associations between different sound types and given behaviours have been reported. In the Holocentridae, past nomenclature of the different sound types (knocks, growls, grunts, staccatos and thumps) has been confusing because it relies on the use of several terms that are not always based on fine descriptions. Our study aims to ascertain whether holocentrids can produce a variety of sounds in the wild and if these sounds are associated with specific behaviours. Additionally, we aim to determine whether sounds produced by hand-held specimens, a common methodology to record sounds in standardised conditions in fishes, could correspond to some sounds produced by free-swimming individuals in natural conditions. Our study shows that all holocentrid species are able to produce sounds in 6 behavioural contexts of both agonistic (conspecific and heterospecific chases, competition) and social signalling types (acceleration, broadcasting, body quivering), in addition to previously described mobbing towards moray eels and symbiotic interactions with cleaner wrasses. In holocentrids, acoustic communication is not only based on single calls but can also involve series of sounds of different types that are arranged randomly. The large amount of combinations within acoustical events for each behaviour, resulting from both the quantity of sounds and their diversity, supports the absence of stereotypy. This suggests that sounds are produced to reinforce visual communication during the day in this family. Our results also suggest that sounds recorded by hand-held fishes are produced naturally in the wild. Our study challenges past nomenclatures and demonstrates sound critical function in augmenting visual communication, advancing our comprehension of acoustic ecology in teleost species.