A potent immunomodulatory role of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells in preventing cGVHD

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for preventing chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (cGVHD) due to their potent immunomodulatory properties. However, the safety concerns regarding the use of MSCs remain unsolved, and conflicting effects are observed due to the heterogeneity of MSCs. Recently, exosomes were shown to mediate the paracrine effects of MSCs, making it a potential candidate for cell-free therapies. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of MSCs-derived exosomes (MSCs-exo) in an established cGVHD mouse model. Methods Bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs were cultured, and the supernatants of these cultures were collected to prepare exosomes using ultracentrifugation. Exosomes from human dermal fibroblasts (Fib-exo) were used as a negative control. The cGVHD model was established, and tail vein injections of MSCs-exo or Fib-exo were administered once per week for 6 weeks. The symptoms and signs of cGVHD were monitored, and histopathological changes were detected by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining. The effects of MSCs-exo on Th17, Th1, and Treg were evaluated by flow cytometry, qPCR, and Luminex. In addition, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated and treated with MSCs-exo in vitro. IL-17-expressing Th17 and IL-10-expressing Treg were evaluated by flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISA. Results We found that MSCs-exo effectively prolonged the survival of cGVHD mice and diminished the clinical and pathological scores of cGVHD. Fibrosis in the skin, lung, and liver was significantly ameliorated by MSCs-exo application. In MSCs-exo treated mice, activation of CD4+ T cells and their infiltration into the lung were reduced. Of note, MSCs-exo exhibited potent immunomodulatory effects via the inhibition of IL-17-expressing pathogenic T cells and induction of IL-10-expressing regulatory cells during cGVHD. The expressions of Th17 cell-relevant transcription factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines was markedly reduced after MSCs-exo treatment. In vitro, MSCs-exo blocked Th17 differentiation and improved the Treg phenotype in PBMCs obtained from healthy donors and patients with active cGVHD, further indicating the regulatory effect of MSCs-exo on GVHD effector T cells. Conclusions Our data suggested that MSCs-exo could improve the survival and ameliorate the pathologic damage of cGVHD by suppressing Th17 cells and inducing Treg. This finding provides a novel alternative approach for the treatment of cGVHD.