Capsule Endoscopy Image Enhancement for Small Intestinal Villi Clarity

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has become an important tool for gastrointestinal examination due to its non-invasive nature and minimal patient discomfort. However, the quality of WCE images is often limited by built-in lighting and the complex gastrointestinal environment, particularly in the region filled with small intestinal villi. Additionally, the morphology of these villi usually serves as a crucial indicator for related diseases. To address this, we propose a novel method to enhance the clarity of small intestinal villi in WCE images. Our method uses a guided filter to separate the low- and high-frequency components of WCE images. Illumination gain factors are calculated from the low-frequency components, while gradient gain factors are derived from Laplacian convolutions on different regions. These factors enhance the high-frequency components, combined with the original image. This approach improves edge detail while suppressing noise and avoiding edge overshoot, providing clearer images for diagnosis. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieved a 45.47% increase in PSNR compared to classical enhancement algorithms, a 12.63% improvement in IRMLE relative to the original images, and a 31.84% reduction in NIQE with respect to the original images.