Engineered K-doped ZnO/borneol based hydrogel composite material for led-based photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and evaluation of antimicrobial activity

The significant improvement of decolorization and disinfection technologies has been a hotspot in wastewater reutilization. In this study, we realized a novel construction of K-doped nano-ZnO and borneol based hydrogel composite material (K-ZnO/B-hydrogel) by low-temperature in situ sol–gel growth. The techniques such as fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were applied to recognize the synthesized hydrogel. The results revealed that K-doped ZnO nanoparticles had been uniformly decorated onto the B-hydrogel. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra showed that impurity doping of potassium element into ZnO could reduce the band gap, improving the visible light absorption efficiency. Under LED illumination, the photodegrading rate of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel was approximately 2.3 times greater than that of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel on methylene blue (MB) removal. Remarkably, aside from CO _2 and H _2 O, no by-products were generated during the photodegradation process. In addition, the antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel achieved up to 99.9%, which were at least 1.5 times higher than K-ZnO/B-hydrogel. This composite will push ahead with a closed-loop wastewater treatment system for dye and pathogenic microorganism disposal, which combines the excellent adsorption ability of hydrogel and the outstanding photocatalytic ability of ZnO nanoparticles with easy sample handling and separation, and help to eliminate secondary pollution.