Research progress of wearable flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat

Sweat contains many physiological information about the body, such as electrolytes, metabolites, hormones, temperature, etc. Sweat-based wearable sensors enable real-time, continuous, non-invasive monitoring of multimodal bio-metrics at the molecular level, and are widely studied for their significant potential in areas such as motion sensing, disease prevention, and health management. This paper described the five modules of substrate, sweat collection, sensing, power supply and decision making in the integrated structure of wearable sweat sensors, highlighted the excellent performance and applications of nanostructures (such as metal-based and carbon-based materials) in electrochemical sensing sensitive materials, and finally discussed the challenges of wearable sweat sensors in terms of trace sweat collection and variability of physicochemical variables in multi-parameter sensing, meanwhile, future directions of wearable sweat sensing are proposed for two key problems of sweat collection and real-time calibration, including bionic microfluidics and multi-parameter feedback regulation methods to achieve efficient collection and accurate detection of microscopic sweat, promote the application and development of real-time early warning of sweat sensing for chronic major diseases.