Smurf1‐targeting microRNA‐136‐5p‐modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with 3D‐printed β‐tricalcium phosphate scaffolds strengthen osteogenic activity and alleviate bone defects

Abstract Suitable biomaterials with seed cells have promising potential to repair bone defects. However, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), one of the most common seed cells used in tissue engineering, cannot differentiate efficiently and accurately into functional osteoblasts. In view of this, a new tissue engineering technique combined with BMSCs and scaffolds is a major task for bone defect repair. Lentiviruses interfering with miR‐136‐5p or Smurf1 expression were transfected into BMSCs. The effects of miR‐136‐5p or Smurf1 on the osteogenic differentiation (OD) of BMSCs were evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. Then, the targeting relationship between miR‐136‐5p and Smurf1 was verified by bioinformatics website analysis and dual luciferase reporter assay. Then, a rabbit femoral condyle bone defect model was established. miR‐136‐5p/BMSCs/β‐TCP scaffold was implanted into the defect, and the repair of the bone defect was detected by Micro‐CT and HE staining. Elevating miR‐136‐5p‐3p or suppressing Smurf1 could stimulate OD of BMSCs. miR‐136‐5p negatively regulated Smurf1 expression. Overexpressing Smurf1 reduced the promoting effect of miR‐136‐5p on the OD of BMSCs. miR‐136‐5p/BMSCs/β‐TCP could strengthen bone density in the defected area and accelerate bone repair. SmurF1‐targeting miR‐136‐5p‐modified BMSCs combined with 3D‐printed β‐TCP scaffolds can strengthen osteogenic activity and alleviate bone defects.