The changing scenario of drug discovery using AI to deep learning: Recent advancement, success stories, collaborations, and challenges

Due to the transformation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools and technologies, AI-driven drug discovery has come to the forefront. It reduces the time and expenditure. Due to these advantages, pharmaceutical industries are concentrating on AI-driven drug discovery. Several drug molecules have been discovered using AI-based techniques and tools, and several newly AI-discovered drug molecules have already entered clinical trials. In this review, we first present the data and their resources in the pharmaceutical sector for AI-driven drug discovery and illustrated some significant algorithms or techniques used for AI and ML which are used in this field. We gave an overview of the deep neural network (NN) models and compared them with artificial NNs. Then, we illustrate the recent advancement of the landscape of drug discovery using AI to deep learning, such as the identification of drug targets, prediction of their structure, estimation of drug-target interaction, estimation of drug-target binding affinity, design of de novo drug, prediction of drug toxicity, estimation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity; and estimation of drug-drug interaction. Moreover, we highlighted the success stories of AI-driven drug discovery and discussed several collaboration and the challenges in this area. The discussions in the article will enrich the pharmaceutical industry.